Affordability of early childhood education

Indicator Description

Change in the level of early childhood education fees paid by families (as measured by the Consumers Price Index’s “Childcare section”) relative to the change in their income (as measured by the Quarterly Employment Survey’s “average hourly ordinary-time earnings”).

What We Have Found

The affordability of early childhood education has substantially improved.

Why This Is Important

Children who attend a quality early childhood education service (ECE) gain benefits that last through to their early years in school and beyond (Wylie, C., et al., 2006). To achieve any benefits the family must find the ECE services affordable.  The affordability of early childhood education services is one of the factors that determine how accessible early childhood education is and hence the extent that children are likely to participate.

Lack of affordability has been identified as a significant barrier to participation in ECE and the workforce. The 1998 Childcare Survey reported that the cost of ECE was a barrier for 47% of mothers wanting to access ECE in order to participate in work or training. Improving ECE affordability is therefore considered a key strategy to increase participation in ECE and the workforce.

Whether a family considers ECE to be affordable is dependent on three factors: the cost of the service to them, the family’s income, and the importance the family attaches to ECE relative to other ways their income can be spent.  It is possible to measure changes over time for the first two factors and for their change relative to each other.  This will not only indicate how affordability is changing generally, it will also enable an assessment of the impact of policies targeted at ECE affordability (such as the introduction of 20 Hours ECE for 3-4 year olds) and of various factors affecting the costs faced by ECE services.

How We Are Going

Changes in the affordability of ECE can be monitored by examining how the level of ECE fees paid by families has changed relative to their income.  If fees fall relative to income, the affordability of ECE can be said to have improved.
 
Information on ECE fees is collected as part of Statistics New Zealand’s Consumers Price Index (CPI), which is also affected by changes in the Childcare Subsidy administered by Work and Income.  Information on income is collected as part of Statistics New Zealand’s Quarterly Employment Survey, from which the average hourly ordinary-time earnings figures have been used in this analysis.  These have been used to derive a third index, which shows how fees change relative to income.  It is this third index that can be used to determine how the affordability of ECE has changed.  All indices have been set to equal 1000 in the quarter ended March 2005.

Indices of average ECE fees paid by households, average earnings, and average fees relative to earnings
(indices based to equal 1000 in quarter ended March 2005)

There has been a clear impact of the 20 Hours ECE policy (introduced 1 July 2007) on ECE fees.  Fees paid by households fell 31.6% in the two years to the June 2009 quarter.  Relative to the 10.1% rise in average ordinary-time earnings over the same two-year period, the fall in fees was even higher, namely 37.8%.
 
In the latest year shown (quarter ended June 2008 to quarter ended June 2009), fees paid by households rose slightly by 3%, but average ordinary-time earnings rose more (by 4.5%).  This has caused average fees relative to average earnings to continue to fall by 1.5% over the year.

Where To Find Out More

Information from this indicator should be read alongside the following indicators to get a better understanding of the affordability of education services.

• Children living in low income households
• Affordability of tertiary education

To obtain information about the accessibility of early childhood education services, consider indicators:

• Waiting times for early childhood education

To obtain more information about participation in ECE services consider indicators:

• Participation in early childhood education
• Hours of participation in early childhood education
  
• Prior Participation in early childhood education: new entrants

References

Wylie, C., Hodgen, E., Ferral, H., and Thompson, J. (2006).  Contributions of early childhood education to age - 14 performance: Evidence from the competent children, competent learners project.  Wellington: Ministry of Education and New Zealand Centre for Education Research.

Department of Labour and National Advisory Council on the Employment of Women (1999).  Childcare, Families and Work – The New Zealand Childcare Survey 1998: A Survey of Early Childhood Education and Care Arrangements for Children.  Wellington: Department of Labour.